Tag Archives: eosinophil

Eosinophils & Mast Cells

MCAS & EoE Coexistence

When I was first diagnosed with a Mast Cell Activation Syndrome (MCAS), my GI doctor told me that when he got my biopsy results back, he expected to see a high eosinophil count also. And he was correct! That was before research had been completed on these two cellular disorders, and today it’s more common to hear mast cell patients talk about also having high eosinophil counts.

I haven’t heard of a lot of EoE patients, however, talk about high mast cell counts. Yet from my anecdotal evidence, I have spoken with many adults and families managing EoE who tell me about symptoms of their EoE that sounds VERY familiar with mast cell patients.

I believe there is big opportunity for more research on how these two cells interact, and how a patient who receives a diagnosis for one of these illnesses needs to be monitored for the other.

Eosinophil
Mast Cells

To my unscientific eye, these cells do look similar, however from the research we have now, we know that they don’t respond similarly to stimuli. In a 2014 research study, the authors found “Eosinophils were more viable when mast cells were present, dependent on soluble mediators and on physical cell contact…Mast cells were not as clearly affected or made more viable by eosinophil coculture.”

Further, the research found, “Both mast cells and eosinophils are present in biopsy specimens of patients with EoE. There is a great mast cell signature in EoE, and the presence of mast cells has been found to be useful in distinguishing between EoE and gastroesophageal reflux disease in biopsy specimens….IL-9 produced by mostly eosinophils served as a potent mast cell growth factor.”

Since I have a diagnosis of both MCAS and EoE, I can tell you that I have learned the difference of what the symptoms feel like for each of the illnesses. With EoE, I will experience the following symptoms in a flare (which is most likely to occur in the fall season): coughing, choking, gagging, acid reflux that I feel in my breast bone, and high stomach/lower esophagus pain, nausea and diarrhea. With MCAS, there isn’t as much of a season where I feel the symptoms. In general, I have some of these symptoms every day, to a greater or less degree: “hot flashes” with anxiety feelings after that, itchy skin and rashes, stomach pain, nausea and diarrhea. I have found that EoE affects the mucosal barrier of my gut much more than does MCAS. In other words, the eosinophil cells feel meaner and more destructive than the mast cells.

It’s difficult sometimes to know which illness is affecting me. I have found that for me certain medications work better to minimize the symptoms of one condition. Your own experience may be different! For me, Zyrtec helps MCAS but doesn’t do much at all for EoE. The mast cell stabilizer medication, Ketotifen, helps both MCAS and EoE, but is really effective for MCAS. The swallowed steroid, Asmanex, helps the EoE but doesn’t do much for the MCAS. Chinese herbs help both because the herbs aren’t geared toward one kind of cell, but instead work on inflammation in the body as a whole. That’s one of the reasons I like Traditional Chinese Medicine so much!

There are more drugs being researched that have been shown to decrease IL-5 (Interleukin 5) which is a cytokine involved in both MCAS and EoE. Mepolizumab, sold under the brand name Nucala, is one of these monoclonal antibody drugs, and has been studied for eosinophilic asthma and idiopathic mast cell activation and shows promise. We need more options to manage these two conditions, that although rare, can completely debilitate the patient and are becoming less and less rare.

Eosinophils & Mast Cells

Stress and Mast Cell Activation

white blood cell. mast cell or a mastocyte, labrocyte. mast cells are the cells responsible for causing allergic reactions or anaphylaxis, also aide in the healing of wounds and defense against invading pathogens.

There are many stresses in our world that can cause a mast cell to degranulate: pollens, chemicals, foods, illness, injury and even good old emotional “stress.” If you have a mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) diagnosis, being mindful of stress is key to keeping your condition from negatively affecting your life.

I have found that there are some stresses that are more easily managed, such as the foods that I eat or the chemicals that are in my home. I make sure that I never “cheat” with foods. I know which foods I can tolerate, and I always maintain my diet with only those organic foods. Is it hard to be that vigilant? Yes, it is! However, I know my body well enough now to understand that adding any extra stress doesn’t make me feel good, and certainly puts my physical and mental health at risk if a stressor comes along that I can’t foresee.

My husband and I have recently begun using only non-toxic products in our house for cleaning. We’ve found that the Better Life brand is great, and they have every kind of product you can think of for glass cleaning, dusting, dishwasher soap, etc. (By the way, I’m not receiving any funding for this endorsement. It’s based purely on my experience.)

Other stresses are more difficult to learn how to manage. I’ve gotten better through the years to be able to recognize when my work is creating too much of a burden on my time, thereby creating stress. I am blessed to be able to work out of my home, which assists not only with the environment in which I work, but also that I can make my own foods in my own kitchen, and I can take a 20 minute afternoon nap if I feel so inclined.

I can’t stop the spring or fall pollen flares, but I can be mindful of increasing my use of antihistamines, taking a shower before bed, and keeping the windows of my home closed and the air conditioning on. All of these actions help to lower the stress load of pollens on my body.

Having an allergic reaction to a bee sting last summer created a storm of mast cells that necessitated a round of Prednisone to calm down the reaction. Any type of allergic reaction creates tremendous stress on the body, and especially for those of us with MCAS. I am always aware of bees in my environment since I’ve had a bad reaction previous to this one, and I carry an Auvi-Q in case the reaction is severe. Sometimes, though, a bee comes out of nowhere which is what occurred with this sting.

Late last year, I got a case of bronchitis that lasted 6 weeks, and left only after taking an antibiotic, which I haven’t had to take in over 12 years. The stress of the illness plus the medication was difficult for my body to recover from, and my mast cells were trying to be helpful by degranulating. Instead, I felt sick to my stomach in addition to coughing! Bodies do heal, and slowly I got better.

Also, over this past year, I have twice had injuries. I fell on a gravel path last year, spraining my ankle. It took months to get back to “normal” of being able to walk. My mast cells reacted for about two weeks with a storm of activity while my nervous system responded to the bruising and swelling of my ankle. I increased my Ketotifen to calm down my system, and took care of myself. Because of my sensitive stomach, I’m unable to take any type of pain medications – even Tylenol or Advil – without having more mast cell degranulation. Therefore, I get the opportunity to rest, breathe into the pain and to heal instead of taking pain medication and moving back into life right away.

Last week, I was in a car accident when a 1/2 ton truck ran into my car going 40+ mph. I thankfully was able to walk/limp away from the accident, however my car was totaled. The impact on my muscles, and the bruises that continued to show up for days, showed me what a stress the accident had put on my body. Sometimes, there’s nothing we can do when a big stressor shows up. I’m very grateful that my body had been doing really well with no illnesses or issues for a good 5 months before the accident occurred. And it’s been a difficult recovery where once again I’m unable to take any pain medications.

My goal is balance – balancing the stress in my life which plays out on my mast cells. It requires for me to be constantly aware of my body and my environment. I have to be a good advocate for myself, especially if I’m in a location that is filled with perfumes or smoke, and get out immediately! I worry less and less about what others think about me, and whether they think I’m weird. I’m sensitive, and that’s a good thing!

Eosinophils & Mast Cells

How to Obtain a Mast Cell Activation Diagnosis

I have recently been hearing from numerous people asking me how to obtain a mast cell activation diagnosis. What kind of doctor should I see? What kind of tests should I have done? Is there a blood test for it?

I share what I had to go through for 5 years before getting a diagnosis. I saw numerous different doctors – a primary care medical doctor, a D.O. primary care doctor, a private practice allergist, a private practice gastrointestinal doctor, an allergist and a GI doctor in a medical research facility…the list goes on and on. While I had numerous blood, urine, skin prick and food allergy tests, endoscopy and colonoscopy tests, no one could figure out why my stomach hurt 24 hours a day and I was continually losing foods in my diet. Everything came out “normal” in these tests; however, no doctor was actually biopsy testing for mast cells.

The food allergy and skin prick tests showed that I had some food allergies, but I wasn’t able to eat the foods that I wasn’t allergic to without severe gut distress. In other words, I was still reacting to foods that I wasn’t allergic to, and this was baffling for my allergist. This is a common refrain of those with mast cell issues. When I read online about someone who says that they are down to only tolerating a few foods, I ask the question, “Has anyone mentioned a mast cell activation disorder to you?”

Sadly, at this point, there is no blood test to determine a mast cell activation disorder. I got a diagnosis of a mast cell activation disorder when I saw a GI doctor who sent out my endoscopy lab biopsies to be stained for mast cells and tryptase. He also stained for eosinophils, and there were plenty of those in my esophagus and intestines also. By the time I finally saw a doctor who knew what to look for and how to accurately test me, my mast cell count was 30-40 per high powered field, and my eosinophils were 80-90. Most doctors agree that you want these counts below 15 per high powered field. Finally, I knew why I was feeling so terribly!

Mast Cell granules which contain mediators

What I found is that medical doctors know a protocol to test for systemic mastocytosis, and they are more than willing to do that. I had one doctor who wanted to do a bone marrow biopsy on me. Thankfully I knew that I didn’t want that type of an invasive test. I had read enough about the systemic form to know that I didn’t have those symptoms.

There’s a great write up on diagnosing all types of mastocytosis and mast cell activation syndromes on The Mastocytosis Society website here. The interesting item to point out when it comes to mast cell activation disorders is that one of the criteria for diagnosing it is to put the patient on H1 and H2 inhibitor medications (generally Zyrtec and Zantac) to see if they feel better. If the patient feels better, then it must be a mast cell disorder! Backwards logic.

Most people seeking a diagnosis have been dealing with all kinds of odd manifestations of mast cells for years before they get to a breaking point and decide they need to get a diagnosis. Most mast cell activation issues manifest with gut involvement. A person’s bladder may be affected (a diagnosis of Interstitial Cystitis involves mast cells), but they also have gut issues. The good news about the gut involvement is that an endoscopy can be completed and biopsies can be stained to determine if mast cells are proliferating.

So, first thing I suggest to people is to have a food allergy testing to see if there are foods to which they have a true allergy. The second testing I suggest is to get an endoscopy and have the biopsies stained for mast cells.

If you do receive a mast cell activation diagnosis, you want to get on some type of antihistamine (and maybe even a mast cell stabilizing medication) as soon as possible. The longer that a person delays, the longer that mast cells will be activating, and the worse you will feel. This activation can create havoc on organs, and the cycle only gets worse. Soon it’s not only your gut that is affected, but the mast cells are proliferating at such a high rate that they can even move into your brain. You then begin to experience “brain fog.” This is a neurological issue where it’s difficult to concentrate, to remember things and to follow conversations. This cognitive dysfunction can affect people of all ages when there is mast cell involvement. I’ve experienced it myself when I was the sickest. Thankfully, by getting on a cocktail of antihistamines, a steroid, and a mast cell stabilizer for a few years, I was able to come back to my body. From there, I’ve done many other non-Western modalities to help my body heal.

I don’t know of one person who was suddenly able to get better without any type of medical intervention when it comes to a mast cell activation disorder. But you can get better! I am living proof of that.

Mast cell issues are increasing at a phenomenal rate currently. Ask any allergist if they have mast cell patients, and virtually every one will say yes. They will also probably say that they are some of the sickest patients they have, with so many symptoms it’s difficult to know where to begin to help them!

As a patient, we need to advocate for ourselves. Listen to your intuition. If a test doesn’t seem appropriate for you because of the cost or because it’s too invasive, speak up.

Read up on mast cell issues. The Mastocytosis Society website in the US and the Mastocytosis Society Canada have great resources to help patients get treatment.

I’m always willing to chat and to assist you by sharing my experience of what has worked for me! Feel free to contact me at [email protected]